| י 330) עפרונן קצר-אצבעות | ||||||||||
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:עפרונן קצר-אצבעות עפרוני קטן בעל מקור קצר וחרוטי, הטופר האחורי ארוך מאוד , כאורך האצבע, דבר המאפין את בני סוגו. גבו חום-חולי ומנומר . גחונו בהיר ועל חזהו שני כתמים שחורים. זנבו שחום ושוליו לבנים . מעופו גלי ונמוך וקרוב לפני הקרקע . בית גידולו משתרע בדרום אירופה, צפון אפריקה דרך המזרח התיכון ועד למונגוליה . בנופים צחיחים, חשופים וחוליים ואף במדבריות למחצה . בארץ עובר אורח שכיח ברוב חלקי הארץ, דוגר קיץ די שכיח בעיקר בצפונה של הארץ ... כנף רננים נעלסה ... איוב לט' יג | ||||||||||
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Subspecies and Distribution.
C. b. brachydactyla Europe from N Yugoslavia to Rumania, and apparently local on Mediterranean coast of N-W Africa. C. b. hungarica Hungary. C. b. rubiginosa Malta and N Africa. C. b. rubiginosa Malta and N Africa. C. b. hermonensis Levant from Sinai N to Syria and S Turkey. C. b. woltersi N-W Syria and S Turkey. C. b. artemisiana Asia Minor, Transcaucasia and N-W Iran. C. b. dukhunensisTibet and C China. C. b. longipennis N of Caucasus and Ukraine, E through Volga and Ural tO Mongolia and N China. םםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםם םםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםם | ||||||||||
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Descriptive notes.
lark, with shorter bill, no crest and rather more compact form. Pale, cryptic coloration and lacking streaks on chest. Within west Palearctic, color variable with western birds essentially warm sandy buff above and eastern ones pale grey-ochre. Upperparts have typical lark pattern. Underparts usually little-marked except for buff breast and sometimes prominent small dark patch at shoulder. Tertials almost overlap tips of primaries, unlike Lesser Short-toed Lark. Sexes similar, no seasonal variation. Habitat. Ecologically intermediate between Alaudidae of desert or semi-desert and those adapted to more vegetation cover. Breeding in middle and lower middle latitudes in steppe, Mediterranean, and fringing temperate zones. Basically a steppe bird, favouring dry open plains and uplands, terraces, slopes, and undulating foothills. which can be of sand or clay, sometimes stony or gravelly. Food and Feeding. Mainly invertebrates during spring, also seeds and green parts of plants in other seasons. Invertebrate food very diverse, variable among areas, chiefly beetles (Coleoptera), ants, bugs Hemiptera and snails; seeds mostly of weedy forbs (PtilyRonum, Arnaranthui), also cereal grain. Nestlings fed solely with invertebrates: fledglings take more green material than do adults. Forages on ground, singly or in small or large flocks. Searches slowly, picks items from ground surface. Breeding. Lays in May-Jul in SW Europe and from mid-Apr in SE Europe; from early Apr in N Africa and Israel; two broods per season. Male song flight typically at heights 'of c. 30-50 m, undulating and bouncing in a circling but rather meandering path, lasting on average 3-5 minutes. Nest built by female, of grasses, rootlets and similar vegetation, lined with softer material, internal diameter 6 cm, placed in shallow scrape on ground, usually beside shrub or grass tuft, often with small rampart of sticks or stones; Movements. Migratory in Palearctic, except perhaps locally in southern parts of range where may be only partially migratory. European and Middle East races brachydactyla, hungarica, artemisiana, woltersi, hermonensis mainly if not wholly migratory, though nominate has been reported as resident in Transcaucasia and steppe, southern USSR. Passage occurs on broad front across Mediterranean, Sahara, and Middle East to winter quarters in africa S to Sahel and Red Sea. Status and Conservation. Not globally threatened. Decreased in France but very common in USSR. Israel. In Israel six subspecies hermonensis. A quite common passage migrant and breeding summer visitor. brachydactyla. a Common passage migrant in most parts of the country. longipennis. a Common migrant mainly in C S and E of Israel. artemisiana. An uncommon migrant in S C and E parts. woltersi. A scarce migrant. dukhunensis. Only one trapped in 1983. |
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