י 359) נחליאלי לימוני

Citrine Wagtail
Citrine Wagtail
Citrine Wagtail










Motacilla citreola
Motacilla citreola
Motacilla citreola


:נחליאלי לימוני
דומה לנחליאלי צהוב נבדל ממנו בראשו הצהוב, בתקופת הדגירה
. ראשו וגחונו צבועים בצבע צהוב לימון. גבו אפור ועורפו שחור
. זנבו שחור ושוליו לבנים. המקור שחור, ארוך ועדין, הזנב ארוך יחסית
. רגליו חומות שחרחרות בעלות אצבעות וטפרים ארוכים
. בית גידולו משתרע בתחום הארקטי והסבארקטי דרך הטונדרה ועד להרי מונגוליה וטיבט
. צד חרקים שהם מזונו העיקרי בנופים גלוים ולחים של טונדרות, ביצות וליד מקוי מים מתוקים
. בארץ עובר אורח מזדמן ברחבי הארץ ומבקר חורף נדיר. נראה שבאופן מקרי גם דוגר
Subspecies and Distribution.
M. c. citreola N USSR from Kanin peninsula to C Siberia, and in C Asia E of Tomsk, Sayan mountains, and Lake Baykal, S to Mongolia.
M. c. werae plains of S USSR, from C European USSR E to Tomsk and foot of Altai mountains.
M. c. calcatata Asia, from Ural mountains and Afganistan E to middle Amur river.
M. c. robusta Iran, Afghanistan, and Pamir mountains, E through Himalayas to Ordos and N W Tien Shan, Tibet and Koko Nor (China). םםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםם םםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםם
Descriptive notes.
17-18 cm, 17-22 g, wingspan 24-27 cm. Most constant marks are slate-grey upperparts, and striking double white wing-bar and white fringes to tertials.
Breeding male shows fully yellow head and underparts, contrast of yellow head with black neck-shawl diagnostic. Breeding female suggests dusky-backed Yellow Wagtail, and juvenile and 1st winter birds recall pale White Wagtail. Sexes dissimilar.
Habitat.
Breeds from arctic and subarctic through boreal and temperate dry continental zones, and extralimitally to subtropics, ranging from sea-level to upper level of meadow vegetation at above 4500 m.
In tundra belt, inhabits osier thickets on coast and on islands in large river deltas, perching often on bushes. Also by lakes on marshy-shrubby tundra, on wet sections of mountain tundra, and among willow bushes on tussocky mountain meadows.
In south in upper part of forest belt and in mountains, often in very damp places, also in river valleys in peaty hummocky bogs or marshy meadows covered with sparse low shrubs.
Food and Feeding.
Diet bosed on invertebrates, often aquatic. Usually forages in or near wet habitat. Three foraging techniques:
1) Picks items from ground or water surface while standing or walking on ground or wading in shallow water even up to belly, long legs being well adapted to this, and walk on floating leaves of water plants. Hunts prey flushed by grazing animals, bird walking around and between legs of cattle.
2) Immersion, in a development of picking, bird plunges head into water to catch insect larvae.
Flycatching, snatches insects flying past with brief upward flutter.
Breeding.
Apr-Jun in USSR. Nest site on ground in hollow in bank, or under thick vegetation or stone.
Nest, cup of moss and plant leaves and stems, lined with hair, wool, and feathers. 4-6 eggs, sub-elliptical, smooth and glossy, buff or pale grey, finely speckled grey or grey-brown. Sometimes mottled light brown.
Incubation 14-15 days, by both sexes.
Movements.
Migratory, wintering mainly in India and south-east Asia. The most northerly breeding population, from Siberia south to 60* N, winters from S-E of Caspian Sea and W Iran to India. Birds from C European USSR and Siberian steppes, Tomsk area, and Afghanistan to winter through most of Indian subcontinet. Population breeding N-W Manchuria through N Mongolia to the Altai and Chinese Turkestan winters in S China.
Occurrence in Middle East evidently peripheral to main movement: scarce winter visitor and passage migrant, to eastern Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.
Most vagrants to western Europe occur Sep-Nov.
Status and Conservation.
Not globally threatened. Very common in tundra where there are osier thickets.
Israel.
In Israel two subspecies M. c. werae quite rare passage migrant and winter visitor in most low-laying of the country, and M. c. citreola rare than werae.

Motacilla citreola
in Israel




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