| י 379) חמריה חלודת-זנב | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
:חמריה חלודת-זנב | . צבעה כעין החימר ומכאן שמה . זנבה החלודי הארוך מדורג בקצהו וצבוע בלבן ושחור, מזדקר לעיתים תכופות . חלקי גופה העליונים חומים חלודיים, החזה וצידי הגוף בצבע החול, הבטן לבנה . העין חומה, המקור ארוך, עדין וצבוע בחום צהבהב. הרגלים ארוכת, חומות-ורדרדות . אין הבדל בין הזכר לנקבה . בית גידולה משתרע באיזור ים התיכון, צפון אפריקה ובאזור האירנו-טורני . אזורי מחיתה סבכי שיחים, גנים ומטעים, נאות מדבר, נופים מדבריים למחצה ואפיקי נחלים . בארץ 3 תת מינים, עוברי אורח שכיחים, מבקרי ודוגרי קיץ נפוצים ברוב חלקי הארץ
Subspecies and Distribution.
| C. g. galactotes S-W Europe, N Africa, Sinai, Israel, Jordan, and S Syria. C. g. syriacus S-E Europe, W and C Turkey and Levant to Lebanon. C. g. familiaris Rranscaucasia and Iraq to Iran, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Transcaucasia, S-E Turkey and N Syria. C. g. minor S Sahara from Senegal to N Somalia to C Mauritania and Chad. C. g. hamertone E Somalia. םםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםם םםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםם
Descriptive notes.
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15 cm, 20-25 g, wingspan 22-27 cm. Medium-sized, strong-billed, long tailed, and sprightly chat, with posture frequently recalling Winter Wren. Plumage essentially bright rufous to grey-brown above and buff-white below, with obvious pale supercilium, double wing-bar, and diagnostic orange-rufous tail tipped black and withe, Flight chat-like in action but silhouette recalls large warbler. Sexes similar, no seasonal variation. Habitat. Breeds in dry middle and lower middle latitudes, in Mediterranean, steppe, and desert fringe zones, mainly in lowlands. In N-W Africa, only natural habitat in uplands is in tamarisk and vegetation bordering wadis. Not attracted to natural maquis and forest, and avoids both mountains and bare plains. More attracted by man-made habitats such as parks, orange groves, gardens, and groups of prickly pear. In steppes, favours areas planted with bushes and trees. Food and Feeding. Mostly insects and earthworms, often rather large, occasionally fruit. Feeding method varies with prey. Pursues ants, etc, on ground. Takes small Diptera and Hymenoptera from flowers, sometimes hovering to do so. Locates earthworms by probing in soft ground, throwing earth aside with bill once worm found. Breeding. May-Jun in Iberia, Greece, and N Africa, mid May to late Jun in Iraq. Nest site in thick bush or low tree, often near trunk. Nest loosely constructed untidy structure of fine twigs, trasses, and rootlets, lined with vegetable down, wool, hair, and feathers, and often a piece of snake skin. Building by both sexes. 3-5 eggs, sub-elliptical, smooth and fairly glossy, white or very pale grey, sometimes tinged blue or green, heavily marked with brown, purplish-brown, or purplish-grey spots, speckles, and small streaks. Incubation 13 days by female only. Movements. North African and Eurasian populations are migratory, wintering in northern Afrotropics. Sub Saharan breeding populations are resident. Nominate breeding Iberia, N Africa, and Levant is strictly a summer visitor to breeding range. Eastern races syriacus and familiaris migrate through east Mediterranean area and Middle East to winter in N=E Africa. Eastern birds cross N-W India in autumn. Status and Conservation. Not globally threatened. No evidence of major range changes. Israel. In Israel three subspecies C. g. galactotes an abundant breeding summer visitor. C. g. syriacus a scarce passage migrant, chiefly in spring. C. g. familiaris a relatively rare migrant in spring.
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