| י 382) זמיר מנומר | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
:זמיר מנומר | . דומה לזמיר רונן, רק מטוח קרוב ניתן להבחין בינהם צבעו חום כהה יותר, על חזהו וצידי גופו מופיע נימור קל . וזנבו אינו ערמוני. גם שירתו דומה מאוד . בית גידולו משתרע בצפון ומזרח אירופה, חורף במזרח אפריקה הטרופית . מקום חיותו באזורים לחים כגון יערות ביצתיים ושיחים מוצפי מים . בארץ עובר אורח די שכיח ברוב חלקי הארץ . ...אמר רב יהודה בניא (כניה) שרי ברדא אסירי .... חולין סב, ע"ב
Subspecies and Distribution.
| Luscinia luscinia breeds N and E Europe to C USSR. Winters C and S-E Africa. םםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםם םםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםם
Descriptive notes.
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16-18 cm, 21-29 g, wingspan 24-26 cm. Similar in size to Nightingale, but similar in structure only to easternmost race L. l. hafizi, having more pointed wings and marginally longer tail than European Subspecies. Differing in drabber, more olive-grey tone to plumage, mottled or spotted chest, and even richer voice. From above and behind, best distinction is reduced contrast of dull rufous-brown tail with dull brown upperparts. From below and in front, shows pale throat and mottled chest. Sexes similar, no seasonal variation. Habitat. Breeds in west Palearctic in middle and lower-middle latitudes, with some oceanic bias, in mild and warm temperate, Mediterranean, and steppe climatic zones. Inhabits more continental, easterly and northerly temperate breeding grounds, over lapping boreal and steppe zones in middle latitudes. Essentials of habitat comprising deep soft humus with ground cover of dead leaves, tall and dense but patchy herbage, and plenty of tall bushes, shrubs, or low trees forming thicket or open woodland, are typically found along river banks or near standing water. Food and Feeding. Mainly arthropods and some fruit. Feeds largely on ground, hopping around and disturbing leaves to search, particularly during nestling phase also feeds in herb and shrub layers and even recorded foraging in crown of tree. Will also take flying insects in brief aerial-pursuit, and recorded clinging to tree-trunk like tit. Breeding. May over most of range. Nest ite on ground, among dead branches, roots, or thick leaf litter, frequently in heavily shaded position. Nest loose and bulky structure, with basal pad of leaves and cup of grass leaves and stems, lined with finer material and hair, building by female only. 4-5 eggs, sub-elliptical, smooth and slightly glossy, variable, buff, olive, greenish or grey-blue, with reddish markings normally giving tinge to whole egg. Incubation 13-14 days by female only. Movements. Migratory, wintering entirely in Africa, largely south of equator with some north to S Ethiopia. South-east autumn passage necessary for west Baltic population before southward heading into N-E Africa. Passage occurs across eastern Mediterranean thus, common on Cyprus but only a vagrant on Malta, and recorded on passage in Iraq and S of Caspian sea, Iran. Enters Africa east of 25 degrees E, sometimes in large numbers. Common on passage in E Egypt and many enter Africa across N Red Sea. Status and Conservation. Not globally threatened. Increasing Sweden, Finland and Leningrad region, decreasing Rumania. Israel. In Israel subspecies Luscinia luscinia quite common passage migrant through most parts of the country.
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