| י 497) גיבתון צווארון | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
:גבתון צווארון | . קטן למדי אבל חסון למראה, בעל מקור חד וזנב קצר הזכר בולט בראשו הכהה, ובגחונו הצהוב המופרד מהצוואר . בפס ערמוני, בכנפיו שני פסים לבנים . לנקבה ראש מקווקו בכבדות, חסרה את הצווארון ומפוספסת בגבה וצידי גופה . בית גידולו משתרע מפינלד בצפון דרך רוסיה לרוחבה של אסיה ועד לקמצ'טקה ומשם ליפן . בית חיותו אזורים חמים ולחים, בחורשים בעיקר של ערבי נחל וצפצפה, לצידי נהרות . בארץ עובר אורח אקראי או נדיר ביותר לרוב באזור אילת ... תימה מהו אמר לא ידע האי גברא דעוף טהור חייב לשולחי ...חולין קמא, ע"ב
Subspecies and Distribution. | E. a. aureola North-east Europe, east to Lake Baykal and through Yakutiay to Anadyrland, S to Mongolia. E. a. arnata S-E Siberia, from Chita region (E Transbykal) through N Manchuria and Amurland to Sakhalin and Japan, also Kamchatka. םםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםם םםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםם
Descriptive notes.
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14-15 cm, 25 g, wingspan 22-24 cm. Rather small but robust bunting, with spiky bill and rather short tail contributing to flight silhouette suggestive of Fringilla . En all plumages, ground-color of little-streaked underparts yellowish, outer tail-feathers show white. Adult male has narrow black-brown necklace, rich brown back, white lesser and median coverts, and whitish wing-bar, front of head and throat black when breeding. Female and immature have heavily striped head, broadly streaked back, double whitish wing-bar, and streaked flanks. Call assists separation from other large Emberiza. Sexes dissimilar, some seasonal variation. Habitat. In wes Palearctic breeds in boreal zone. Favours moist or wet, often riverside or floodland sites, with willow and birch thickets or spinneys, interspersed with tall grass. Occurs in low-lying wet or dry meadows with tall herbage and scattered shrubs, riverside thickets and shrubby willows in river flood zones, fields and boggy areas with secondary scrub, open burnt forest, mountain meadows with scrub and scattered trees, birch forest edge, and sparse growth of young forest. Food and Feeding. Diet seeds and other plant material, invertebrates in breeding season. Breeding. Mid Jun to early Jul in Finland, Jun in Moscow range. Nest site, on ground, either on tussock or, where dry, in depression, nest-rim at times flush with ground, sheltered by scrub, commonly birch or willow, or in tree roots, where wet, often slightly above ground in bush or stout herb. Nest, foundation of dry grass and stalks lined with soft grass, rootlets, and sometimes hair. 4-5 sub-elliptical, smooth and slightly glossy. Greyish or greenish with olive or purplish-grey under markings, sparsely to heavily marked with brown to purplish-black blotches and scrawls. Incubation, 13-14 days, by both sexes. Movements. All populations migratory. Western birds head E from breeding frounds then S, and Eastern birds S or S-W, to reach winter quarters via Mongolia, S-E Russia, and China. Status and Conservation. Not globally threatened. Probably increasing slowly in west of range. Israel. In Israel subspecies E. a. aureola accidental or extremely rare migrant, mainly in Eilat range.
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