י 493) גיבתון גנים

Ortolan Bunting
Ortolan Bunting
Ortolan Bunting








Emberiza hortulana
Emberiza hortulana
Emberiza hortulana


:גבתון גנים
, גבתון צבעוני שצבעיו אינם בולטים, דומה לגבתון אדום-מקור
. שונה ממנו בלחיו וגרונו הצהובים. ראשו עגול ומקורו ארוך יחסית
. הנקבה צבעיה דהים יותר
. בית גידולו משתרע על פני מרבית אירופה וחודר עד מרכז אסיה
, בית חיותו מגוון החל מחורשים שבאזורים צפוניים קרים
. דרך אקלים ים תיכוני ועד לרום של 2500 מ'
. בארץ עובר אורח שכיח בסתיו ומצוי באביב ברוב חלקי הארץ
. דוגר קיץ נדיר בחרמון
... תימה מהו אמר לא ידע האי גברא דעוף טהור חייב לשולחי ...חולין קמא, ע"ב
Subspecies and Distribution.
Emberiza hortulana Europe S to Mediterranean, and ecross C Asia to Mongolia. Winters Africa S to Sahara. םםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםם םםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםםם
Descriptive notes.
16-17 cm, 19-26 g, wingspan 23-29 cm. Relatively long-billed, rather round-headed, and rather plump bunting. Epitome of trio which also includes E. buchanani and E. caesia and displays in all plumages common characters of bright eye-ring, pale sub-moustachial stripe contrasting with dark malar stripe, and rufous or at least warm buff underparts.
Male shows diagnostic olive-toned head and breast isolating yellow throat. Female and immature less distinctive, requiring careful separation from allies.
Sexes dissimilar, little seasonal variation.
Habitat. Very varied, from high boreal through temperate, Mediterranean, and steppe zones, and to mountain zones at C 1500 - 2500 m in south of range. Attracted to trees, even breeding in forest glades and clearings, as well as pine forests, tree plantations, forest steppe with birch trees, slopes of low mountains overgrown with grass and small pistachio trees, and orchards. Contrastingly, occurs freely in steep ravines, on bare alluvial deposits, and on rocky ground scantily covered with prickly shrubs. Favours regions of high sunshine and low rainfall, regardless of latitude, and where food is readily available will spread widely over cultivated open land. Does not avoid banks of rivers and lakes but shows little attraction to wetlands, or to human settlement, especially cities.
Food and Feeding.
Mainly invertebrates, also seeds, especially outside breeding season. Forages on bare soil or sprouting crops, but also in deciduous trees, especially oak, for defoliating caterpillars, or in pine for seeds. After breeding season very often in harvested root-crop fields and in areas covered with bird's-foot.
Breeding.
Mid Apr to late Jun in Sweden, May to mid Jun in N-W Russia, mid Apr to Jul in Spain, May-Jul in Israel.
Nest site, on ground usually in cereals or other arable crop, often potatoes, frequently in depression in soil so top of nest-rim flush with ground, otherwise in vineyards, forest clearings, on rocky slopes, or in thick grass heather, sheltered by overhanging rock or foliage.
Nest, foundation of stalks, stems, roots, and leaves lined with fine grasses, rootlets, and hair. Sometimes when flush with soil, cup has no real foundation, and rough material arranged wreath-like on ground.
4-5 eggs, sub-elliptical, smooth and faintly glossy. Bluish, greyish, purplish, or pinkish, sparsely but evenly marked with brownish-black speckles, blotches, and scrawls, sometimes forming ring at broad end.
Incubation 11-12 days, by female only.
Movements.
Long-distance migrant, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa. Small numbers winter in S Arabia.
Status and Conservation.
Not globally threatened. Some range contraction in N-W, and expansion in east.
Israel.
In Israel subspecies Emberiza hortulana common autumn and abundant spring passage migrant over much of the country. Rare breeding summer visitor on the Hermon.

Emberiza hortulana
in Israel

Emberiza hortulana

Emberiza hortulana

Emberiza hortulana

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